Nanostructured carbon-based materials as sustainable electrocatalysts for energy conversion applications

Abstract

Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of organic chemistry. Electrochemistry’s unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of material electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst. The scope of electrocatalysis in chemical literature is extensive, with major areas of growth including the development of electrocatalytic systems for energy-related applications (such as water splitting and CO2 reduction), more recently synthetic chemistry. In the area of material synthesis, continuing pressure to develop efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies has driven a tremendous surge of interest in electrocatalytic methodologies from within the broader material chemistry community. This thesis highlights the growing discipline of material electrocatalysis. We aim to showcase the versatility of these electrocatalytic systems as well as illustrate the design principles used to develop the electrocatalytic system by various techniques such as ultra-spray hydrolysis, hydrothermal synthesis.