Exploring Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer With T2-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radiomics and Pimonidazole Scoring

Abstract

Background/Aim: Radiomics involves high throughput extraction of mineable precise quantitative imaging features that serve as non-invasive prognostic or predictive biomarkers. High levels of hypoxia are associated with a poorer prognosis in prostate cancer and limit radiation therapy efficacy. Most patients with prostate cancer undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a part of their diagnostics, and T2 imaging is the most utilised imaging method. The aim of this study was to determine whether hypoxia in prostate tumors could be identified using a radiomics model extracted from T2-weighted MR images. Materials and Methods: Eighty eight intermediate or high-risk prostate cancer patients were evaluated. Prior to radical prostatectomy, all patients received pimonidazole (PIMO). PIMO hypoxic scores were assigned in whole-mount sections from prostatectomy specimens by an experienced pathologist who was blinded to MRI. The region of interest used for radiomics analysis included the prostatic index tumor. Radiomics extraction yielded 165 features using a special evaluation version of RadiomiX [RadiomiX Research Toolbox version 20180831 (OncoRadiomics SA, Liège, Belgium)] for non-clinical use. Multivariable logistic regression with Elastic Net regularization was utilised using 10 times repeated 10-fold cross-validation to select the best model hyperparameters, optimizing for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: The average (out of sample) performance based on the repeated cross validation using the ONESE model yielded an AUC of 0.60±0.2. Shape-based features were the most prominent in the model. Conclusion: The development of a radiomics hypoxia model using T2 weighted MR images, standard in the staging of prostate cancer, is possible.